Agilent-technologies 34401A Manuel d'utilisateur Page 209
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Resistance Measurements
The Agilent 34401A offers two methods for measuring resistance:
2-wire and 4-wire ohms. For both methods, the test current flows from
the input HI terminal and then through the resistor being measured. For
2-wire ohms, the voltage drop across the resistor being measured is
sensed internal to the multimeter. Therefore, test lead resistance is also
measured. For 4-wire ohms, separate “sense” connections are required.
Since no current flows in the sense leads, the resistance in these leads
does not give a measurement error.
The errors mentioned earlier in this chapter for dc voltage measurements
also apply to resistance measurements. Additional error sources unique
to resistance measurements are discussed on the following pages.
4-Wire Ohms Measurements
The 4-wire ohms method provides the most accurate way to measure
small resistances. Test lead resistances and contact resistances are
automatically reduced using this method. Four-wire ohms is often used
in automated test applications where long cable lengths, numerous
connections, or switches exist between the multimeter and the device-
under-test. The recommended connections for 4-wire ohms
measurements are shown below. See also “To Measure Resistance,”
on page 17.
I
test
Ideal
Meter
HI
LO
LO-
Sense
HI-Sense
R =
V
meter
I
test
7
Chapter 7 Measurement Tutorial
Resistance Measurements
203
- Agilent 34401A 1
- 6 ½ Digit Multimeter 1
- Safety Information 3
- Additional Notices 5
- DECLARATION OF CONFORMITY 6
- Multimeter 7
- The Front Panel at a Glance 8
- Display Annunciators 10
- The Rear Panel at a Glance 11
- In This Book 12
- Contents 13
- Quick Start 17
- ERROR annunciator turns on 19
- To Adjust the Carrying Handle 22
- To Measure Voltage 23
- To Measure Resistance 23
- To Measure Current 24
- To Test Continuity 25
- To Check Diodes 25
- To Select a Range 26
- To Set the Resolution 27
- -H.DDD,DDD EFFF 28
- -045.23 mVDC 28
- Agilent System II 29
- Front-Panel 31
- Menu Operation 31
- FUNCTION and RANGE / DIGITS 32
- Front-Panel Menu Reference 33
- A Front-Panel Menu Tutorial 35
- Recall 39
- Null 42
- < < 42
- Auto/Man 42
- To Make dB Measurements 46
- To Make dBm Measurements 47
- To Trigger the Multimeter 48
- Using an External Trigger 48
- To Use Reading Hold 49
- To Use Reading Memory 52
- Mem annunciator 53
- Features and 55
- Functions 55
- Features and Functions 56
- Measurement Configuration 57
- Ω and 1000 Ω 58
- DC Input Resistance 59
- Input terminals 61
- Integration Time 63
- Integration Time 63
- Resolution 63
- FRON” or “REAR” 64
- Autozero 65
- RANGE keys to select 68
- Math Operations 69
- Min–Max Operation 70
- Null (Relative) Operation 71
- Limit Testing 75
- Trigger Source Choices 79
- Trig annunciator turns on 80
- GPIB or RS-232) 81
- GPIB interface by 81
- GET using BASIC 81
- Group Execute Trigger 81
- Number of Samples 83
- Number of Triggers 84
- Trigger Delay 85
- Automatic Trigger Delays 87
- Reading Hold 88
- Voltmeter Complete Terminal 89
- External Trigger Terminal 89
- System-Related Operations 90
- Reading Memory 90
- Error Conditions 91
- Self-Test 92
- Display Control 93
- Shift are disabled 93
- Beeper Control 94
- Comma Separators 95
- Firmware Revision Query 95
- SCPI Language Version Query 96
- GPIB Address 97
- Remote Interface Selection 98
- Parity Selection (RS-232) 99
- GPIB / 488 100
- Calibration Overview 101
- Calibration Security 101
- • Front-Panel Operation: 102
- Calibration Count 104
- Calibration Message 105
- Operator Maintenance 106
- Power-On and Reset State 107
- Remote Interface 109
- Reference 109
- > 110
- Command Summary 111
- CONFigure? 111
- (continued) 113
- Command 118
- Using the MEASure? Command 119
- Using the CONFigure Command 119
- Using the READ? Command 120
- Sense terminals 123
- 2-wire ohms) 127
- 4-wire ohms) 127
- Math Operation Commands 130
- Triggering 133
- The Wait-for-Trigger State 135
- Triggering Commands 136
- System-Related Commands 138
- OFF) or “1” (ON) 139
- FIFO) order. Each error 139
- SCPI version 139
- The SCPI Status Model 140
- What is an Event Register? 140
- What is an Enable Register? 140
- SCPI Status System 141
- The Status Byte 142
- IEEE-488 bus 144
- IEEE-488 SRQ interrupt 144
- The Standard Event Register 146
- 148
- Value 148
- Definition 148
- Status Reporting Commands 150
- Calibration Commands 152
- RS-232 Configuration Overview 154
- RS-232 Data Frame Format 155
- DTR / DSR Handshake Protocol 157
- RS-232 Troubleshooting 158
- RS-232 Interface Commands 159
- Command Separators 162
- Querying Parameter Settings 163
- SCPI Command Terminators 163
- IEEE-488.2 Common Commands 164
- SCPI Parameter Types 164
- Output Data Formats 165
- TALK ONLY for Printers 166
- To Set the GPIB Address 167
- On/Off 167
- To Set the Baud Rate 169
- To Set the Parity 170
- 3478A Command 172
- Description 172
- Agilent 34401A Action 172
- Fluke 8840A 173
- Command 173
- Description 173
- Agilent 34401A Action 173
- SCPI Compliance Information 174
- Error 177
- Messages 177
- Error Messages 178
- Execution Errors 179
- SEC is not a valid suffix) 180
- BUS and a READ? 181
- INTERRUPTED 183
- UNTERMINATED 183
- DEADLOCKED 183
- Self-Test Errors 185
- Calibration Errors 186
- Ω range 187
- Application 189
- Programs 189
- Application Programs 190
- Using the Status Registers 194
- Continued on next page > 200
- Measurement 203
- Tutorial 203
- Measurement Tutorial 204
- Thermal EMF Errors 204
- Copper-to 204
- Approx. µV / °C 204
- Loading Errors (dc volts) 205
- Leakage Current Errors 205
- Common Mode Rejection (CMR) 207
- Noise Caused by Ground Loops 208
- Resistance Measurements 209
- 4-Wire Ohms Measurements 209
- Power Dissipation Effects 210
- Settling Time Effects 210
- DC Current Measurement Errors 211
- True RMS AC Measurements 212
- RMS value of a waveform 213
- –3 dB bandwidth 214
- 1 + ( 2 π x F x R 215
- Measurements Below Full Scale 216
- Low-Level Measurement Errors 217
- Common Mode Errors 218
- AC Current Measurement Errors 218
- EMF and bias current errors 219
- Specifications 221
- DC Characteristics 222
- Measuring Characteristics 223
- Chapter 8 Specifications 223
- AC Characteristics 224
- General Information 228
- HOLD Sensitivity: 228
- Product Dimensions 229
- ≤ 150 µV 230
- ≤ 15 µV 230
- ≤ 1.5 µV 230
- ≤ 40 µV 231
- Sensitivity 232
- Resolution 233
- Accuracy 233
- Transfer Accuracy 234
- 24-Hour Accuracy 234
- 90-Day and 1-Year Accuracy 234
- Temperature Coefficients 234
- IndexIndex 237
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